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Epidemiological studies These are studies of the causes of diseases in populations. ESCAPE European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects EU European Union Meta-analysis This is a statistical technique whereby all data from all available studies are combined. In some cases, meta-analysis reveals statically significant effects by combining individual studies that are not statistically significant. Meta-analysis often uses data that have been identified by a systematic review. A systematic review aims to identify all relevant published and unpublished evidence, select studies for inclusion by an agreed process, assess the quality of each study, interpret the findings and present a balanced and impartial summary of the findings. SIDS Sudden infant death syndrome Spirometry This technique measures how much air and how fast a person can breathe in and out. Spirometry measurements may be described as the percentage predicted of normal after 'adjusting' for subject height and weight. Thus an individual with an output of spirometry that is 100% of predicted will have the average value expected of a group of healthy subjects of similar height and weight. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) is an output of spirometry that measures the total amount (in litres) of breath expelled in the first second after first taking in the largest possible breath. Another spirometry output is the forced vital capacity (FVC), which is the total amount of air (in litres) that can be breathed out by an individual, after taking the largest possible breath in. WHO World Health Organization Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution xx © Royal College of Physicians 2016

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