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Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution 36 Wilker EH, Preis SR, Beiser AS et al. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, residential proximity to major roads and measures of brain structure. Stroke 2015;46:1161–6. 37 British Heart Foundation. BHF cardiovascular disease statistics UK factsheet. London: BHF, 2015. www.bhf.org.uk/research/heart-statistics [Accessed 19 June 2015]. 38 Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Vincent R, Mora-Tiscareño A et al. Elevated plasma endothelin-1 and pulmonary arterial pressure in children exposed to air pollution. Environ Health Perspect 2007;115:1248–53. 39 Bilenko N, van Rossem L, Brunekreef B et al. Traffic-related air pollution and noise and children's blood pressure: results from the PIAMA birth cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015;22:4–12. 40 Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd et al. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010;121:2331–78. 41 World Health Organization. Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP Project. Bonn: WHO, 2013. www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/193108/REVIHAAP-Final-technical-report-final-version.pdf/ [Accessed 2 December 2015]. 42 Newby DE, Mannucci PM, Tell GS et al. Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2015;36:83–93b. 43 Bhaskaran K, Hajat S, Armstrong B et al. The effects of hourly differences in air pollution on the risk of myocardial infarction: case crossover analysis of the MINAP database. BMJ 2011;343:d5531. 44 Shah AS, Lee KK, McAllister DA et al. Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta- analysis. BMJ 2015;350:h1295. 45 Stafoggia M, Cesaroni G, Peters A et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of cerebrovascular events: results from 11 European cohorts within the ESCAPE project. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:919–25. 46 Cesaroni G, Forastiere F, Stafoggia M et al. Long term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of acute coronary events: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis in 11 European cohorts from the ESCAPE Project. BMJ 2014;348:f7412. 47 Langrish JP, Bosson J, Unosson J et al. Cardiovascular effects of particulate air pollution exposure: time course and underlying mechanisms. J Intern Med 2012;272:224–39. 48 Adar SD, Sheppard L, Vedal S et al. Fine particulate air pollution and the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness: a prospective cohort study from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis and air pollution. PLoS Med 2013;10:e1001430. 49 Zhang J, Zhu T, Kipen H et al. Cardiorespiratory biomarker responses in healthy young adults to drastic air quality changes surrounding the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2013:5–174. 50 World Health Organization. Effects of air pollution on children's health and development: a review of the evidence. Bonn: WHO, 2005. www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/74728/E86575.pdf [Accessed 10 December 2015]. 51 Heck JE, Wu J, Lombardi C et al. Childhood cancer and traffic-related air pollution exposure in pregnancy and early life. Environ Health Perspect 2013;121:1385–91. 52 Ghosh JK, Heck JE, Cockburn M et al. Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of early childhood cancers. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:1233–9. 53 Sun XX, Zhang SS, Ma XL. No association between traffic density and risk of childhood leukemia: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15:5229–32. 54 Pope CA 3rd, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM et al. Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:669–74. 55 Dockery DW, Pope CA 3rd, Xu X et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1753–9. 56 Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol 2013;14:813–22. 57 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. Press release no 221. Lyon: IARC, 2013. www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf [Accessed 19 June 2015]. 58 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes (Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans 2013, volume 105). http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/ vol105/mono105.pdf [Accessed 19 June 2015]. 64 © Royal College of Physicians 2016

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