Issue link: https://hi.iaq.net/i/670243
Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution unemployment, less access to environmental resources such as green spaces, poor diet and higher levels of pre-existing disease. These stresses may modify the effect of exposure to pollutants. These inequities affect people across the lifecourse from the prenatal stage through to old age. They are compounded by the limited opportunities available for deprived communities to improve or escape their environments. 5.6 References 1 Parkin RT, Balbus JM. Variations in concepts of 'susceptibility' in risk assessment. Risk Anal 2000;20:603–11. 2 Janssen BG, Byun HM, Gyselaers W et al. Placental mitochondrial methylation and exposure to airborne particulate matter in the early life environment: An ENVIRONAGE birth cohort study. Epigenetics 2015;10:536–44. 3 Bell ML, Zanobetti A, Dominici F. Evidence on vulnerability and susceptibility to health risks associated with short- term exposure to particulate matter: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:865–76. 4 Bateson TF, Schwartz JJ. Children's response to air pollutants. Toxicol Environ Health A 2008;71:238–43. 5 Howard R. Up in the air: how to solve London's air quality crisis: part 1. London: Policy Exchange, 2015. www.policyexchange.org.uk/publications/category/item/up-in-the-air-how-to-solve-london-s-air-quality-crisis-part-1 [Accessed 11 December 2015]. 6 Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. Cien Saude Colet 2011;16:2221–38. 7 Sacks JD, Stanek LW, Luben TJ et al. Particulate matter-induced health effects: who is susceptible? Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:446–54. 8 National Obesity Observatory. National Child Measurement Programme: Changes in children's body mass index between 2006/07 and 2011/12. Oxford: National Obesity Observatory, 2013. www.noo.org.uk/uploads/doc/vid_17929_ NCMP_Changes_children.pdf [Accessed 15 December 2015]. 9 Public Health England. Health inequalities. National Obesity Observatory. www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/ inequalities [Accessed 28 October 2014]. 10 World Health Organization. Review of evidence on health aspects of air pollution – REVIHAAP Project. Bonn: WHO, 2013. www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/193108/REVIHAAP-Final-technical-report-final-version.pdf/ [Accessed 2 December 2015]. 11 Jung KH, Perzanowski M, Rundle A et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, obesity and childhood asthma in an urban cohort. Environ Res 2014;128:35–41. 12 Rundle A, Hoepner L, Hassoun A et al. Association of childhood obesity with maternal exposure to ambient air polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2012;175:1163–72. 13 Lu KD, Breysse PN, Diette GB et al. Being overweight increases susceptibility to indoor pollutants among urban children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;131:1017–23. 14 The Marmot Review. Fair society, healthy lives: strategic review of health inequalities in England post-2010. London: Marmot Review, 2010. www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review [Accessed 11 December 2015]. 15 Gee GC, Payne-Sturges DC. Environmental health disparities: a framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:1645–53. 16 Deguen S, Zmirou-Navier D. Social inequalities resulting from health risks related to ambient air quality – a European review. Eur J Public Health 2010;20:27–35. 17 Romieu I, Castro-Giner F, Kunzli N, Sunyer J. Air pollution, oxidative stress and dietary supplementation: a review. Eur Respir J 2008;31:179–97. 18 Saunders P, Saunders A, Middleton J. Living in a 'fat swamp': exposure to multiple sources of accessible, cheap, energy-dense fast foods in a deprived community. Br J Nutr 2015;113:1828–34. 76 © Royal College of Physicians 2016